Suchergebnisse

1 sheet ([1] p.) ; Caption title. ; Publication data suggested by Wing. ; Reproduction of the original in the Lincoln's Inn Library.

APPROVED ; This dissertation provides extensive critical engagement with ideas of individualism in the work of Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864). This largely unexplored area presents a major lacuna in Hawthorne Studies, and this project redresses the absence by drawing together previously disparate strands of research and contextual material on one of the ?American Renaissance?s? most important literary figures. Individualism represents the stance or ideology that emphasises the fundamental moral worth of the individual. For Hawthorne, the individual was a reflexive entity, constantly informed by personal agency, historical and cultural influences, and a dynamic engagement with society. This analysis reconstitutes our understanding of Hawthorne?s texts by examining his characters and literary career, respectively, as clear evidence of the author?s exploration of American individualism. In looking at Hawthorne?s oeuvre from the perspective of his political, religious and artistic personae, this work presents the author as a product of his Jacksonian milieu, highlighting the importance of Democratic culture to a broader comprehension of this writer?s literature. Fundamentally, this dissertation grounds Hawthorne in his time, moving away from critiques of his work that rely too heavily on constructed ideas of familial guilt and an image of the author as a Puritan-obsessed, isolated figure. The Hawthorne presented by this analysis is indelibly connected to the trials and tribulations of his era, keenly aware of the machinations of politics and culture, and consistently reactive to the changing status of authorship throughout the Jacksonian and antebellum periods. This broad-ranging analysis includes much of Hawthorne?s fiction, non-fiction and correspondence in order to provide a rounded examination of the formative influence of individualism upon his work, and, indeed, in his development as an American citizen.

AbstractNew York state awoke late in January to he imminence of radical increases in telephone rates effective as of february 1. On January 31 the public service commission oodered a slight reduction in the charegs announced by the company. The effect o these rates will be observed for a time, after which the struggle to fix final charges will be resumedThe present situation follows ten yeears of litigation before commission, special master adn court. The length to which the trial has dragged out and the extreme claims in valuation point to the necessity of improved methods of valuation

This paper summarises the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on cash transfers and child nutrition. The main purpose of the research is to assess the effectiveness of cash transfers in improving nutritional outcomes in vulnerable children in sub-Saharan Africa. Systematisation of the literary sources indicates that studies have justified cash transfer as social-income support that addresses a vital social determinant of health (income) for children in low-and-middle-income countries. The methodological basis of this study is a systematic review that searched a wide range of academic and grey literature databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. This study included cluster-randomised controlled trials (R.C.T.s), randomised controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, mixed-methods studies, and non-randomised cluster trials. Studies included in this systematic review were screened for their eligibility. The systematic review uses the Cochrane data collection form to extract data from the included studies. It was not feasible to statistically combine the results of the studies due to the heterogeneity of most of the studies. Preferably, the review employs a narrative synthesis to present the estimated effects of cash transfers on children's nutritional outcomes. The systematic review presents the results of data synthesis, of which eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the evidence from the systematic review indicates that cash transfer programmes targeted at children effectively improve anthropometric and nutritional outcomes. Further research is needed to spell out the multiple pathways to how cash transfers improve children's nutritional outcomes. Moreover, this systematic review shows the importance of cash transfers in improving child nutrition. Policymakers should continue to employ institutional mechanisms to strengthen the nutritional status of children, especially the vulnerable ones since cash transfer intervention is a temporary measure.

"Homosexual marriage?": the stirrings of a new idea -- "What was important was that we were a household": gay marriages and the domestic partnership alternative -- "We are criminals in the eyes of the law, and that is used against us": sodomy, AIDS, and new alliances -- "A tectonic shift": earthquake in Hawaii -- "The very foundations of our society are in danger": the defense of marriage -- "Here come the brides": laying the cornerstone in Massachusetts -- "Power to the people": rogue weddings and ballot initiatives -- "A political awakening": California's proposition 8 changes the game -- "Brick by brick": progress in the states -- "Make more snowflakes and eventually there will be an avalanche": the battle over strategy comes to a head -- "Without any rational justification": proposition 8 on trial -- "A risk well worth taking": Edie Windsor and winning marriage in New York -- "The nation is ready for it": a president and a country evolve -- "Love survives death": the Windsor ruling and its aftermath -- "The responsibility to right fundamental wrongs": a circuit split sets up a showdown -- "It is so ordered": marriage equality comes to all fifty states.

16 p. ; Reproduction of original in Thomason Collection, British Library.

Intro -- YOUTH IN THE ADULT CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM -- YOUTH IN THE ADULT CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 YOU'RE AN ADULT NOW: YOUTH IN ADULT CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT THE ISSUE OF JUVENILES IN THE ADULT CORRECTIONS SYSTEMS, AND WHERE ARE THERE GAPS IN DATA COLLECTION AND INFORMATION? -- III. WHAT ARE THE ISSUES, IMPACTS AND OPTIONS FACING PUBLIC SAFETY SYSTEMS WHEN YOUTH ARE AWAITING TRIAL ON ADULT CHARGES? -- IV. WHAT ARE THE ISSUES, IMPACTS AND OPTIONS FACING PUBLIC SAFETY SYSTEMS WHEN YOUTH ARE CONVICTED, AND COMMITTED TO THE ADULT SYSTEM? -- V. WHAT ARE THE ISSUES, IMPACTS AND OPTIONS FACING PUBLIC SAFETY SYSTEMS WHEN YOUTH WHO CONVICTED IN ADULT COURT ARE ON PROBATION OR PAROLE? -- Community Supervision - Corrections' Stepchild? -- Options for Corrections Systems, and Federal, State and Local Policymakers -- VI. CONCLUSION -- APPENDIX I: SUMMARY OF POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS -- APPENDIX II: ATTENDEES AND CONTRIBUTORS -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 TRYING JUVENILES AS ADULTS: AN ANALYSIS OF STATE TRANSFER LAWS AND REPORTING -- A MESSAGE FROM OJJDP -- ALL STATES SET BOUNDARIES WHERE CHILDHOOD ENDS AND ADULT CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY BEGINS -- Transfer Laws Alter the Usual Jurisdictional Age Boundaries for Exceptional Cases -- Most States Have Multiple Transfer Mechanisms -- Nearly All States Give Courts Discretion to Waive Jurisdiction Over Individual Cases -- In Presumptive Waiver Cases, the Burden of Proof Shifts to the Juvenile -- State Laws May Require Juvenile Court Judges to Waive Jurisdiction in Certain Cases -- Nonjudicial Transfer Cases Bypass Juvenile Courts Altogether -- Prosecutors' Discretion to Opt for Criminal Handling Is Often Unfettered -- Statutory Exclusion Laws Restrict Juvenile Courts' Delinquency Jurisdiction

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most highly prevalent mental health disorder among U.S. military Veterans. Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy is one of the most widely used evidence-based treatments for PTSD, but there is substantial room for improvement in outcomes and retention rates. Accumulating data suggest that oxytocin offers a promising pharmacological approach towards achieving this goal. Therefore, the primary objective of this two-site Phase II study is to examine the ability of oxytocin (vs. placebo) administration combined with PE therapy to (1) reduce PTSD symptom severity, (2) accelerate the rate of PTSD symptom improvement, and (3) improve PE adherence and retention rates. To accomplish these objectives, we will employ a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and use standardized, repeated dependent measures of change at five time points (baseline, mid-treatment, end of treatment, and 3 and 6 month follow-up). Intranasal oxytocin (40 IU) will be administered directly prior to each PE therapy session. Findings from this study will provide critical new information regarding the efficacy of oxytocin to augment psychosocial treatment for PTSD, as well as information regarding the physiological mechanisms underlying PTSD and positive treatment response.

Objective: This article introduces and evaluates children's psychosocial rehabilitation, a home- and community-based treatment for children with serious emotional disturbance. Method: In an open-trial design, the author used repeated-measures analysis of variance and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to assess pre—post outcome ratings for 218 participants, ages 3 to 18, on the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale or the Preschool and Early Childhood Functional Assessment Scale. Average treatment time was 13 months. Results: Participants improved significantly in psychosocial functioning and psychological symptoms, with effect sizes ranging from large to small. Improvements were clinically significant for 78% of participants. Conclusions: Children's psychosocial rehabilitation shows promise as an empirically based treatment for serious emotional disturbance.

The value of randomized controlled trials in evaluation of sexual offender treatment has been questioned. Concern was expressed that randomization fails to produce equivalent samples, without apparent appreciation this is inevitable when variables are distributed by chance; lack of equivalence is controlled by use of tests of significance. A further uncriticized and inappropriate procedure in treatment evaluation is separation of the results of subjects who did not complete treatment from those who did, when the outcome of the former group was known. Despite an APA Task Force recommendation, no attention has been given to the consistent finding that no treatment is less effective than placebo psychological therapies. The significance of Type II errors is discussed and the recommendation criticized that within-treatment research be encouraged as an alternative to outcome research. Demonstrating a within-treatment response when that response is associated with a better outcome does not necessarily mean that the treatment was effective. Subjects with a good prognosis could be more able to demonstrate a within-treatment response to the treatment. Nonrandomized matched samples do not adequately control all sample differences. The post hoc statistical reversal of a reported trend for sexual offenders treated with relapse prevention to show a worse outcome than untreated offenders, in order to correct lack of equivalence of the two groups, is considered inappropriate. That relapse prevention was found less effective than no treatment raises the possibility that it has a negative effect. To continue the use of relapse prevention other than in randomly controlled evaluative studies would appear to be unethical.

This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on cash transfers and child health. The main purpose of the research is to assess the effects of cash transfers on children's health and development outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Systematization of the literary sources indicates that studies have justified cash transfer as social-income support that addresses a vital social determinant of health (income) for children in low-and-middle-income countries. The methodological basis of this study is a systematic review that searched a wide range of electronic databases such as PubMed, ResearchGate and ScienceDirect. Studies included in this review included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cluster-RCTs, quasi-experimental and mixed methods studies of cash transfer interventions in children 0-18 years. Inclusion criteria were met by eight studies, four from Africa and four from Latin America. The systematic review presents the results of data synthesis of the included studies that mainly reported the effects of cash transfer programmes on child anthropometry outcomes, cognitive development, morbidity, and healthcare utilization. The review found cash transfer programmes to improve these variables among children in households receiving cash transfers. This systematic review has added to the debate on cash transfers and children's health outcomes. In general, the systematic review indicates that cash transfer programmes intended for children are effective at improving anthropometric, health, and cognitive outcomes, as well as access to healthcare. However, there is a need for more research to clarify the multiple pathways by which cash transfers can improve children's health and nutritional outcomes. It is also necessary to clarify what factors explain the variety of effects of cash transfer programs on child health and nutritional status. Finally, cash transfer interventions are not permanent mechanisms for promoting access to healthcare. Policymakers in developing countries should borrow ideas on how to finance healthcare services for improving the socio-economic wellbeing of citizens.

Intro -- Table of Contents -- DEDICATION -- 1-Roulette Wheels and Firing Squads -- Deaf Ears and Closed Minds -- The Cult of Dirt -- The Alan Courtney Show -- The Death of José Castaño -- 2-Prisoner of Fidel Castro -- Police Chief Efigenio Almeijeiras -- Pilot of the Counterrevolution -- Colonel Ventura Again -- Almost Free -- 3-The American Embassy: Profile in Cowardice -- Castillo de Atarés -- The Perfidious Dr. Estévez -- The Attaché and the Russian Radio -- Shaving the Barbudos -- More Protection from the Embassy -- 4-Sanctuary Found and Lost -- The Indictment -- Sanctuary at the Embassy -- 5-Sadists and Perverts of El Principe -- The Homosexuals -- Almeijeiras, Almeida, Raúl Castro -- Homosexuality and Communism -- The American Executioner -- 6-Trial by Judge Fury -- The Darkening Clouds -- A Switch of Lawyers -- Rafael del Pino -- Before the Military Tribunal -- 7-Problems of Survival -- Freedom Slips Through My Fingers -- Another Brush with the Embassy -- 8-Men Without Freedom -- The Transistor Radio -- Death and a Ruptured Appendix -- We Move to La Cabaña -- 9-The Cocaine Revolution -- La Cabaña Fortress -- Men Waiting for Death -- Narcotics Traffic -- 10-The American Prisoners -- The Three Americans -- The Death of Dr. Yebra -- 11-The Isle of Pines: A Cuban Inferno -- The Prison on the Island -- The Green Hell -- The Women's Prisons -- The Prison System -- 12-The Death of William Morgan -- Hunger Strike -- Six Americans on a Pleasure Trip -- Betrayal in the American Embassy -- "The Six of Us Were Born This Morning" -- The William Morgan Story -- "I Kneel for No Man" -- 13-Backwash of Invasion -- The Betrayed Beachhead -- The Dragnet -- 14-Down Into the Abyss -- Filth, Squalor, Thirst -- Another Escape -- Communist Methods of Torture -- The Last Escape -- 15-Victims of the Betrayed Beachhead -- Purchasing Agent for Castro.